Title: 
The Double Dealer

Date of Publication: 
Jan. 1921 (1:1) – May 1926 (8:47)

Place of Publication: 
New Orleans, Louisiana

Frequency of Publication: 
Monthly (Jan. 1921 – May 1923)
Irregular (Nov. 1923 – May 1926)

Circulation: 
Approx. 1500

Publisher: 
The Double Dealer Publishing Company, New Orleans

Physical Description: 
27 cm. No pictures. Approx. 40 pages. Contained poetry, short stories, reviews, and short plays.

Price:
25 cents

Editor(s): 
Julius Weis Friend

Associate Editor(s): 
Albert Goldstein, John McClure, Basil Thompson

Libraries with Original Issues: 
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; University of Virginia; Library of Virginia; University of Alabama; Tulane University; University of Mississippi; Columbia University; University of New Orleans

Reprint Editions: 
New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1966

When The Double Dealer was first published in New Orleans in January, 1921, its editors hoped it would become the “National Magazine of the South.” Their call for Southern literature extended into their second year of publication, but even in the first year the magazine seemed more interested in publishing good writing, regardless of its source. By 1922 the magazine’s regional identity fell by the wayside, and The Double Dealer lived up to its editor’s professed goals: “[The Double Dealer] is entering upon its career with no policy whatever but that of printing the very best material it can procure, regardless of popular appeal, moral or immoral stigmata, conventional or unconventional technique, new theme or old” (Hoffman 192).

The editors took pride in publishing aspiring poets and novelists, including Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, Jean Toomer, and Thornton Wilder, all of whom first published in The Double Dealer in 1922. Although their publications were not always as polished as some of the other contemporary little magazines, The Double Dealer stood out for its ability to pinpoint and publish talent that would take other magazines years to notice. The Double Dealer shut its doors in May 1926, when its editors decided they could no longer dedicate the sufficient amount of time to it (Chielens).

William Congreve’s play The Double-Dealer begins with an epigraph borrowed from Terence’s Heauton Timorumenos: “To this plan I give the palm. Here I might extol myself as one who has such strength, and the power of such great cunning, that I can deceive them both by speaking the truth.” The editors of The Double Dealer demonstrated the extent to which this play influenced their little magazine, starting each issue of the magazine with “…I can deceive them both by speaking the truth” beneath the title.

Julius Weis Friend (1894 – 1962)
Editor: July 1921 – May 1926

New Orleans native Julius Weis Friend spent sixteen months in France fighting in World War I before returning home to begin a literary career. Inspired by the Modernist movement, Friend began playing with experimental writing. He founded and edited The Double Dealer in 1921, but by 1926 he decided to focus on his own essays and reviews, and he ceased publication of the magazine. He continued to contribute his prose to various periodicals (Hoffman 11).

Maxwell Bodenheim
“Dress-Model”
“Village-Clerk”

Anton Chekhov
“The Bastard”

Hart Crane
Translation of Laforgue’s “Locutions des Pierrots”

Donald Davidson
“Corymba”
“Bryad”

H. D.
“At Eleusis”
“Centaur Song”

William Faulkner
“Portrait”
“Swinburne”

Ernest Hemingway
“A Divine Gesture”
“Ultimately”

Alfred Kreymborg
“Paris Letter”

Jean Toomer
“Nora”

Robert Penn Warren
“Portraits of Three Ladies”

Thornton Wilder
“Sentences”

Chielens, Edward E., ed. American Literary Magazines: The Twentieth Century. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992.

The Double Dealer. 1921 – 1926. New York, N.Y: Kraus Reprint Corporation, 1966.

Hoffman, Frederick J., Charles Allen, and Carolyn F. Ulrich. The Little Magazine: A History and a Bibliography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1947.

Image, cover May 1922. “Ernest Hemingway In His Time: Appearing in Little Magazines.” 18 Nov. 2003. University of Delaware Library. 24 Sept. 2008.

Image, cover June 1922. John B. Weaver. “Hemingway and the Magazines.” 12 Oct. 2004. University of South Carolina Libraries. 24 Sept. 2008.

“The Double Dealer” compiled by Christine Highet (Class of ’09, Davidson College)

Title:
Diogenes

Date of Publication:
October – November 1940 (1.1)
December 1940 – January 1941 (1.2)
Autumn 1941 (1.3)

Place(s) of Publication:
Madison, Wisconsin

Frequency of Publication:
Bi-monthly

Circulation:
Unknown

Publisher:
Robert Lowry at The Little Man Press, Cincinnati, Ohio

Physical Description:
21 cm. Vol.1 No.1 about 30 pages. Vol.1 No.2 about 40 pages. Vol.1 No.3 about 50 pages

Price: 
20 cents per issue / $1 per year

Editor(s):
Arthur Blair and Frank Jones

Associate Editor(s): 
Unknown

Libraries with Complete Original Issues:  
Davidson College, Duke University, University of Virgina (Vol.1, No. 1,3), Ohio State University Libraries, Penn State University, University of Louisville, Emory University (Vol.1, No.1,3), University of Pennsylvania, University of Masachusetts-Amherst, SUNY at Buffalo, University of California, University of California-Berkeley, Yale University

Reprint Editions: 
Davidson College, Indiana University, University of Notre Dame

From the university town of Madison, Wisconsin came the “earnest and ambitious” little magazine Diogenes, presumably named for Diogenes of Sinope, the Ancient Greek philosopher famous for going about with a lantern claiming to be seeking an honest man (Greenburg 43).  Edited by Arthur Blair and Frank Jones, this short-lived bi-monthly of poetry, criticism, and experimental prose responded to a perceived shortage of politically balanced and varied prose within the little magazine movement.  Publishing works by over thirty different authors during its 3 issue stint between 1940-1941, editors Arthur Blair and Frank Jones remained committed to their desire to publish all “good” writing “regardless of the author’s status among either the intelligentsia or those whose reading [was] restricted to best sellers” (Diogenes 1:1, 3).  They exhibited a particular interest in publishing contemporary foreign literature, and saw their efforts to do so as a vital endeavor in combating the “cultural isolationism”  they felt to be pervasive in American society (Diogenes 1:1, 3).  Typical of this magazine is its inclusion of many no-namers alongside a few “old” names (Greenburg 43).  Notable is the magazine’s tribute to poet John Wheelwright upon his 1940 death in the second issue as well as Frank Jones’s translation and criticism of Bert Brecht’s works.  The magazine was discontinued following its Autumn 1941 edition.

REASONS:

1) THERE are not enough literary reviews of a non partisan, non-political nature in this country for 140,000,000 people.

2) THE artist exists by anything; he lives by being published.  The culture he represents is being shaken to its foundations; one preserves culture only by adding to it.

3) ONE way of combating unhealthy tendencies toward cultural isolationism is to keep before the public–in good translations–foreign writing of the quality that has vitalized American literature from its beginnings.  This but reiterates the pleas of such men as Hawthorne, Henry James, Eliot.

4) WE intend to print what we think good, regardless of the author’s status among either the intelligentsia or those whose reading is restricted to best sellers.  We do prefer the experimental; but we don’t intend to be snobs about it.

Arthur Blair

Edited Diogenes while a student at the University of Wisconsin.  Contributed two poems, “Afternoon Tea Party” (Vol.1 No.1) and “Caesar to Cleopatra” (Vol.1 No.3), to Diogenes.  Blair also contributed to Poetry and The Sewanee Review.

Frank Jones

Beyond Jones’s contributions to Diogenes, “Bert Brecht and the Poetry of Action” (Vol.1 No.1) and “Mirage” (Vol.1 No.3), and a few later publications, again on Bert Brecht, no other bibliographical information exists for Jones.

William Carlos Williams
The Sleeping Brute (Vol.1 No.1)

Charles Henri Ford
He Cut His Finger on Eternity (Vol.1 No.1)

James Laughlin
Old Dr God (Vol.1 No.1)

John Wheelwright
A Broadside (Vol.1 No.1)
Plate Glass Membrane (Vol.1 No.2)
Apocryphal Apocalypse (Vol.1 No.2)
Live, Evil Veil! (Vol.1 No.2)
State of Main (Vol.1 No.2)
Cross Questions (Vol.1 No.2)
Boston Public Library (Vol. 1 No.2)
Eagle (Vol.1 No.2)

Oscar Williams
The Lady with the Glass Torso (Vol.1 No.1)
The Shadow (Vol.1 No.1)

Gordon Sylander
The Glass of Port (Vol.1 No.1)
The Shadow (Vol.1 No.1)
Baladilla of a Madison Afternoon (Vol.1 No.2)
A Yangtse Yankee (Vol.1 No.3)

Weldon Kees
Public Library (Vol.1 No.1)
A Cornucopia for Daily Use (Vol.1 No.2)
Midnight (Vol.1 No.3)

Howard Blake
On His Being Arrived at the Age of Twenty-Three (Vol.1 No.1)

Gene Derwood
After Reading St. John the Divine (Vol.1 No.1)

Arthur Blair
Afternoon Tea Party (Vol.1 No.1)
Caesar to Cleopatra (Vol.1 No.3)

Bert Brecht
Vanished Glory of New York (Vol.1 No.1)

Frank Jones
Bert Brecht and the Poetry of Action (Vol.1 No.1)
Mirage (Vol.1 No.3)

Austin Warren
John Wheelwright, 1897-1940 (Vol.1 No.2)

John Malcolm Brinnin
The Parting (Vol.1 No.2)
Cry Havoc! (Vol.1 No.2)

Katue Kitasono
The Life of a Pencil (Vol.1 No.2)

Clark Mills
Child With Malaria (Vol.1 No.2)

Ransom Lloyd Richardson
Hope and Squares (Vol.1 No.2)
Who Fortunate Walks (Vol.1 No.3)

Troy Garrison
As a Cataleptic Might Wake in a Tomb (Vol.1 No.2)

Ivan Goll
John Landless Haunts the Boulevard (Vol.1 No.2)
John Landless Leads the Caravan (Vol.1 No.2)
John Landless in the Presence of Spring and Death(Vol.1 No.2)

Edouard Roditi
The Poetry of Ivan Goll (Vol.1 No.2)

Rudolf Jegart
The Spiritual Life: 1941 (Vol.1 No.3)

Anne Ridler
Night Poem (Vol.1 No.3)
A Dream Observed (Vol.1 No.3)

David Cornel DeJong
In Memory Of… (Vol.1 No.3)

Norman McCaig
Poem (Vol.1 No.3)

Kenneth Rexroth
Another Spring (Vol.1 No.3)

Henry Treece
Who Rides on the Wind (Vol.1 No.3)

James Flora
Wood Engraving (Vol.1 No.3)

Robert Lowry
The Skyblue Lady (Vol.1 No.3)

Sherry Mangan 
Lament for All Lucretii (Vol.1 No.3)

Howard Moss
Theater Cliff (Vol.1 No.3)

Lawrence Durrell
Letter to Seferis the Greek (Vol.1 No.3)

Anais Nin
Under a Glass Bell (Vol.1 No.3)

Richard Eberhart
2 Poems (Vol.1 No.3)

Norman Macleod
The Little People of Twilight (Vol.1 No.3)
O, Heart to Heart Talk (Vol.1 No.3)

Lindley Williams Hubbell
Gothic (Vol.1 No.3)

William Fitzgerald
Helen Before the Old Face (Vol.1 No.3)
Snow White… (Vol.1 No.3)

Gilbert Neiman
The Might Earl (Vol.1 No.3)

Boris Pasternak
4 Poems (Vol.1 No.3)

Vera Sandomirsky
Boris Pasternak (Vol.1 No.3)

Hoffman, Frederick J., Charles Allen, and Carolyn F. Ulrich. The Little Magazine: A History and a Bibliography. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1947. Print.

Greenberg, Clement. The Collected Essays and Criticism: Perceptions and Judgements, 1939-1945. Vol.1. Edited by John O’Brian. University of Chicago Press, 1986. Print.

“Notes on Contributors: Arthur Blair” Poetry 61.4 (1943): 581. JSTOR. Web. 10 Dec.

“Diogenes” compiled by Eliza Hadjis (Class of ‘13, Davidson College)

Title: 
The Dial

Date of Publication: 
July 1920 (1:1) – July 1929 (86:7)
May 1880 – Nov. 1919
Jan. 1860 – Dec. 1860
July 1840 – April 1844

Place(s) of Publication: 
New York, NY (1918 -1929)

Frequency of Publication: 
Monthly (1920 – 1929)

Circulation:
Unknown

Publisher: 
The Dial Publishing Company, NY. Owned by Thayer and Watson.

Physical Description: 
6 3/8″ x 10″ sized paper stock. Color varied from dusty rose to light tan. This format was the same as the original run of The Dial, 1840-44. Published short fiction, verse, and reviews of literature with occasional art reproductions and reviews of theater, music, and modern art.

Price:
Unknown

Editor(s):
Scofield Thayer (1920-25)
Dr. James Sibley Watson, Jr. (1920-29)
Marianne Moore (1925-1929)

Associate Editor(s):
None

Libraries with Complete Original Issues: 
Davidson College (bound)

Reprint Editions: 
Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI, 1973. (American periodical series: 1850 – 1900) [microfilm]
Searchable table of contents, 1880 – 1929, available from Periodicals Index Online.
PDFs available at Archive.org

When they acquired The Dial in 1920, Scofield Thayer and James Watson recognized the magazine’s moniker had a rich history, beginning with the transcendentalist Dial edited by Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Margaret Fuller (1840-44). After a 16-year lapse, Moncure Conway resuscitated The Dial for a year in 1860. In May 1880 Francis Fisher Browne restarted the magazine for a run that lasted until 1920, when Thayer transformed The Dial into a journal of avant-garde arts and letters.

The transformation was made without fanfare. Buried in the November 29, 1919 issue’s weekly “Casual Comment” was a brief announcement of “the resignation of Martyn Johnson” and his entire editorial staff. In the box that traditionally housed the editors’ names, only one name was found: Scofield Thayer. The wealthy Harvard graduate, having purchased a majority shareholding in The Dial, asked his college acquaintance Dr. James Sibley Watson and poet Marianne Moore to join him as editors.

With the substantial funding that Watson and Thayer brought to the magazine, they were able to make it into a preeminent publisher of modernist writers and artists. The Dial was able to purchase (or lure with prize money) contributions from Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, E. E. Cummings, Marianne Moore, and T. S. Eliot. It published one of modernism’s most famous poems, Eliot’s “The Waste Land,” in 1922.

Under Thayer’s editorship, The Dial published experimental art by artists such as Pablo Picasso, Constantin Brancusi, and Walker Grant (Sparks). It also devoted more space to new fiction. The American little magazine acquired a reputation as a cosmopolitan source on international modernism, with contributors Pound, Eliot, and John Eglinton reporting on the European scene from Paris, London, and Dublin, respectively.

Thayer and Watson’s notorious dynasty as the The Dial‘s ‘revolutionary’ modernist catalysts began quietly. Within the same ‘Casual Comment’ that dismissed the editorial staff of the magazine, Thayer posted a small note to subscribers:

“By the merging of the two fortnightly numbers for December into a single issue, the Dial will become a monthly. It will also diverge in more important aspect from the Dial of the last year and a half, particularly in its greater emphasis on art and literature. Or more precisely, in addition to essays we expect to publish some fiction and drawings. We can assure all concerned that our choice of material will be independent of the conventional considerations, independent, that is, ‘jusques au feu exclusive.’ But for fear that this become the occasion of a manifesto, we leave our readers to form their own opinion of us from what we shall do rather than from what we say at present.”

“Casual Comment.” 67:804 (Nov. 1919): 486.

Scofield Thayer (Dec. 12, 1889 – May 1982)
Co-Editor: July 1920 – July 1929

Scofield Thayer was the son of a wealthy mill owner in Worchester, Massachusetts who is best remembered for his editorial contributions to The Dial. While an undergraduate at Harvard College (1913-1917), Thayer served on the staff of the Harvard Monthly, where he met many other young poets and writers, including E. E. Cummings, Alan Seeger, Lincoln MacVeagh, and Gilbert Seldes. After graduation Harvard with honors, Thayer did graduate work at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he met T. S. Eliot. Thayer bought control of The Dial from Martyn Johnson in 1919 and used his family’s wealth to give the magazine a budget uncommon to little magazines. He acted as editor from 1920 until a series of mental breakdowns ended his career late in 1925.

Dr. James Sibley Watson (Aug. 10, 1894 – Mar. 31, 1982)
Co-Editor: July 1920 – July 1929

Dr. James Sibley Watson was a philanthropist, publisher, and an early experimenter in motion pictures. Born in Rochester, NY, he was one of the heirs to the Western Union telegraph. He became friends with E. E. Cumming while attending Harvard College, and later earned a largely unused M.D. In 1919 Watson was persuaded by Thayer to jointly purchase The Dial from Martyn Johnson, and he served the president of The Dial Press throughout the 1920s. In the magazine’s later years, he began pursuing a career in film, and he directed and served as cinematographer to the avant-garde films The Fall of the House of Usher (1928) and Lot in Sodom (1933).

Marianne Moore (Nov. 15, 1887 – Feb. 15, 1972)
Co-Editor: 1925 – July 1929

Growing up, Marianne Moore lived with her grandfather, a Presbyterian pastor, until she attended Bryn Mawr College, where she was a mediocre student but a frequent contributor to the school’s literary magazine. In college she mainly wrote prose, but after graduating Moore switched to poetry. Looking to nature for her poetic inspiration, Moore began writing Imagist poems. Through her work for the New York Public Library, Moore met writers like William Carlos Williams and Wallace Stevens, who urged her to publish her poetry; she refused, and perhaps would have remained unknown had H. D. and Robert McAlmon not published a collection of her poems, unbeknownst to Moore. The enthusiastic response to her poetry prompted her to contribute to little magazines like Glebe, The Egoist, and Others, and she received The Dial Award in 1924. The following year, she took over as the magazine’s editor until it ceased publication in 1929.

Sherwood Anderson
Many Marriages

Hart Crane
“My Grandmother’s Love Letters”

e. e. cummings
“Gaston Lachaise”
“[in Just-spring…]”

T. S. Eliot
“The Waste Land”

Mina Loy
“Brancusi’s Golden Bird”

Pablo Picasso
Clown Resting

Ezra Pound
Selections from Cantos 

Christina Rossetti
“Goblin Market”
“Sing-Song”

Gertrude Stein
“Composition as Explanation”

William Carlos Williams
Paterson

W. B. Yeats
“The Player Queen”
“The Tower”
“Among Schoolchildren”

Cooke, George Willis. An Historical and Biographical Introduction to Accompany The Dial. Vol. 2. New York: Russell and Russell, Inc., 1961.

The Dial. New York: The Dial Publishing Co., 1918 – 1929.

Joost, Nicholas. Scofield Thayer and The Dial. Carbondale: Southern Illinois
UP, 1970.

—. Years of Transition: The Dial, 1912-1920. Barre, MA.: Barre Publishers,
1967.

Kingham, Victoria. “The Dial: July – December 1922.” Modernist Scrapbook. Feb. 2003. Birkbeck College, University of London. 20 Oct. 2004.

Liukkonen, Petri. “Marianne Moore: 1887 – 1972.” Poetry Connection. 19 Oct. 2004.

Myerson, Joel. The New England Transcendentalists and The Dial. Cranbury, NJ: Associated U. Presses, Inc., 1980.

Scott, Thomas L. Ed. Ezra Pound. The Little Review: The Letters of Ezra Pound to
Margaret Anderson. New York: New Directions Publ. Co., 1988.

Sparks, Elisa Kay. The Dial: A Brief History. 11 June 1998. 18 Oct. 2004.

Wasserstrom, William. The Time of The Dial. Syracuse: Syracuse U. Press., 1963.

Compiled by Catherine Walker (Class of ’06, Davidson College) and James Butler (Class of ’07, Davidson College)

Title: 
Decision: A Review of Free Culture 

Date of Publication: 
Jan. 1941 (1:1) – Jan.-Feb. 1942 (3:1-2)

Place(s) of Publication: 
New York, NY

Frequency of Publication: 
Monthly

Circulation: 
At no time did it exceed 2,000 subscriptions out of 5,000 copies printed.

Publisher: 
Decision Inc.; Eunice Clark, President.

Physical Description: 
23 cm. Some illustrations. Approx. 70 – 135 pages.
Apr. 1941 introduced regularly monthly columns: Theatre with Ernest Boyd, Dance with Lincoln Kirstein, Art with Christopher Lazare, Music with Leonard Amster, and Film with Erich von Stroheim and Richard R. Plant.

Price:
Unknown

Editor(s): 
Klaus Mann

Assistant Editor(s): 
Eunice Clark (1:1)
Christopher Lazare (1:2-6, 2:1-3)
Alan Hartman (1:3-6, 2:1-3)
Muriel Rukeyser (2:1-6)
Rebecca Pitts (2:5-6)
Charles Neider (3:1-2)

Libraries with Original Issues: 
New York Public Library; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Harvard University; The Museum of Modern Art, New York; Pennsylvania State University; Brown University

Reprint Editions: 
Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint, 1941.

Decision: A Review of Free Culture was founded in January 1941 by Klaus Mann, a German writer who moved to America after being expatriated in 1934. Decision was heavily political and anti-Nazi in focus. Mann hoped the magazine could unite people with democratic ideologies against Nazi Germany, and he preached a “new humanism” that was designed to “transcend all national boundaries” (Decision VI: i: 6).

The seventy- to eighty-page issues circulated monthly and contained numerous critical essays, poetry, stories, paintings, and articles describing “this month in […] books, the theatre, music, movies, and art.” (Decision I:i:5). Many well-known writers contributed to the magazine, including William Carlos Williams, Eudora Welty, and W. H. Auden. Despite their contributions the magazine never gained the necessary popularity to sustain publication. Its audience never grew to more than 2000 subscriptions, and Decision collapsed due to a lack of funds after only one year of publication.

The editors of Decision offered in their inaugural issue an explanation of the magazine’s title and an outline of its goals:

“We call this magazine Decision – not because we have a clean-cut political or intellectual program. This title means rather that we have decided to seek a program, to go on, to meet the challenge of humanity’s retrogression, to overcome the general dismay with the weapons of constructive thinking. This fact that we venture, just now, on the foundation of a literary periodical – of a review of Free Culture – is in itself a gesture of protest and a gesture of hope…[the goal of Decision is] to approach the great problems of modern life, not with the perfunctory curiosity of reporters nor with the routine pathos of politicians, but with the consuming fervor a good philosopher experiences in examining the intricacies of some vitally significant moot question, a good soldier when fighting for the cause he believes in.”

“Issues at Stake.” Decision. 1:1 (Jan 1941): 7.

Klaus Mann (Nov. 18, 1906 – May 21, 1949)
Editor: Jan. 1941 – Feb. 1942

Klaus Mann, a German author and the son of Nobel Prize-winning author Thomas Mann, was the editor for Decision: a Review of Free Culture throughout its entire publication. Mann fled Germany in 1933 in protest of the Nazi regime, was expatriated in 1934, and gained U.S. citizenship in 1938 (Jonas 5-7). He expressed his protest of fascism throughout his literary career, founding two literary journals that combined literature and politics: Die Sammlung, published in 1933 in Amsterdam, and Decision, published from 1941 to 1942 in New York. Consistent with the anti-Nazi themes of Mann’s periodicals, his most well-known novel, Mephisto (1936), was a political satire that attacked Hitler’s impact on Germany (Frisch 2). Mann moved back to Europe to continue supporting harmony among democratic ideologies in 1949, but during that same year he committed suicide by overdosing on sleeping pills (Jonas 10).

Sherwood Anderson
“Girl by the Stove”
“Italian Poet in America”

W.H. Auden
“Poem”
“Symposium: Role of Intellectuals in Political Affairs,” various reviews

Ernest Boyd
“The Art and Mystery of Translation”
“International vs. Cosmopolitan”
“James Joyce: Memories”
“Theatre of the Month”

Aldous Huxley
“Dust”

Carson McCullers
“The Russian Realists and Southern Literature”
“The Twisted Trinity”

Upton Sinclair
“To the Conquered Peoples”

Eudora Welty
“A Visit of Charity”

William Carlos Williams
“Ezra Pound Lord Ga-Ga!”
“The Zoo”

Decision: A Review of Free Culture. 1941 – 1942. Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprints, 1969.

Frisch, Kelly. “Mann, Klaus Heinrich Thomas.” American National Biography Online. Davidson College Library. Oxford University Press, 2000. 10/23/2008.

Gregory, Dan. “June 1941, Cover.” Decision: A Review of Free Culture. Gloucester City, N.J: Between the Covers Rare Books Inc.

Hoffman, Frederick J., Charles Allen, and Carolyn F. Ulrich. The Little Magazine: A History and a Bibliography. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1947.

Jonas, Ilsedore B. “Klaus Heinrich Mann.” German Fiction Writers, 1914-1945 (Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol 56). Ed. James N. Hardin. Belmont: Thomas Gale, 1987.

Sader, Marion, ed. Comprehensive Index to English-Language Little Magazines, 1890-1970: Series One. Millwood, KY: Kraus-Thomson, 1976.

Sherbo, Arthur. “Periodical Grubbings.” Notes and Queries. v41 no3 (Sept. 1994), 266. Literature Resource Center. Web. 10/23/2008.

Shteir, Rachel. “Everybody Slept Here.” New York Times. Nov. 10, 1996. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Davidson College Library Online. The New York Times (1851-2005). BR71.

“Decision” compiled by Ian Qua (Class of ’09, Davidson College)